Historical Development of Nursing Timeline

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Olga NUR/513 Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Nursing is an art and a acquaintance. This coexistence assists in the development and advancement of care for to a higher level of professional perform. The art of care for emphasizes interpersonal relationships between the nurse and the patient, empathy, and dedication to sympathize with for a patient. The science is the foundation of treat that guides nurse care based upon the latest scientific discoveries within the nursing and other related disciplines such as medicine, psychology, and social sciences (Walker & Avant, 2011).In biblical times, female members of societies were responsible for caring for ill. There was neither organized care, nor science behind the methods of caring the addresses were passed among the women and were centered on their religious views on sickness and health. The people who provided care were untrained and a lot belonged to the lowest economic c lasses, such as slaves. The branch organized groups who performed nursing care were male nursing orders in 1300s, such as the Knights of St. John of capital of Israel (Anderson, 1981).During the 16th and 17th century, nursing jobs fell into dark ages becoming synonymous with alcoholism, prostitution, and the use of society (Anderson, 1981, p. 20). The first nursing school, the Deaconess School of Nursing at Kaiserwerth, Germany was open in 1836. Physicians instructed nursing students about bedside care and how to provide nursing care (Anderson, 1981). The development of nursing science is traced back to Florence Nightingale, whose initial study Notes of Nursing (1859) represents the first nursing theory (George, 2011). Nightingale supported her nursing experiences with statistical data.Nightingales analysis of the positive impact of a clean environment on diminish morbidity and mortality among the soldiers during the Crimean War became the model for changing the nursing practice from an art to a combination of art and science (Burns, Grove, 2007). Nightingale established nursing program at St. Thomas Hospital in London that correlate nursing theory and practice. This school became a model for nursing education. The medicine go on to provide nursing guidelines and influenced nursing practice. The nurses remained relegated to the status of obedience servant to the authoritarian doctors.The nurses were obligated to obey the physicians orders faithfully, never be guilty of reservation suggestions to the doctor, since she nurse is there to carry out his physician orders (Walker & Holmes, 2008, p. 111). The lack of preparation and education among the nurses was obvious. Universities began establishing nursing programs throughout the United States. The University of Texas (1894), the Columbia University (1899), the University of Minnesota (1908), and others opened schools of nursing (Anderson, 1981). In 1923, Teachers College at Columbia University offered the first educational nursing program at doctorial level.The first masters degree in nursing was established in 1929 at Yale University (Burns & Grove, 2007). During the 1940s, the nursing literature continued to emphasize the practical skills of the nursing. Most of the existing manuals viewed nursing as the hand and medicine as the head as its primary signifier (Walker, Holmes, 2008, 114). In 1950s, the first nursing theorists were graduates from the Columbia Universitys Teachers College educational programs. Their theories were based on practical nursing. The focus of these theories was the patients needs.Peplau (1952/1988) presented interpersonal relations in nursing theory (George, 2011). In 1959, Hall presented care, core, and cure theory, where caring and nurturing for a patient were interconnected with patients ability to make decisions of therapeutic ingestion of self (George, 2011, p. 183). umpteen of the nursing leaders in this era recognized that nursing science and theory development were needed to change the status of nursing from a career to a profession (Walker & Avant, 2011). The theories developed during the 1960s focused on the relationships between the nurse and the patient.The theorists from Yale School, such as Henderson and Orlando, proposed their theories. Henderson in 1960, defined nursing as assisting and help for the individuals, focusing on the individual plan of care (George, 2011, p. 89). Orlandos 1961 theory, The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Function, Process, and Principles described nursing as an interactive growth between the nurse and the individual patient within the immediate situation. Orlando shifted the focus of nursing from assisting the physician to assisting the patient, and promoted the independence of nursing (George, 2011). In 1965, the American NursingAssociation recommended two levels of nursing education, the baccalaureate and the associate, to distinguish the education for a professional nursing from that of the technical nursing profession. During the same time frame, the amount of nursing research was increasing. Nurses became involved in the development of frameworks for nursing practice guidelines (Burns & Grove, 2007). During the 1970s, many nursing theories were revised. Rogers, King, Orem, Neuman, and Watson symbolized this era of nursing theorists. Their theories provided the foundation for the nursing profession, integrating arts, science, and philosophy into nursing.They focused on kind-hearted carriage and emphasized the complexity of nursing. The theorists presented the individual as the whole system of the physiological, psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and spiritual elements (George, 2011 Burns & Grove, 2007). The development of the nursing during 1980s was characterized by increased nursing research. Many theories were revised and new theories were proposed. The theories of Erickson, Benner, Leininger, Orem, Roy, King, Watson, Levine, and others represent this era (Burns & Grove, 2007).The 1990s was characterized by an increasing number of middle range theories that provided guidelines for evidence-based nursing practice. During this time the nursing theories took an international approach with publications and conferences (George, 2011). Throughout the decades, the development of nursing science was influenced by other disciplines, such as religion, philosophy, psychology, anthropology, and social sciences. Religion blamed diseases as a punishment for sins. school of thought knowledge base of truth, mind, language, and values, widely affected nursing development.Conceptual models in nursing are the examples of the influence of philosophy on the nursing. For example, Rogers model explained the nature of the human beings (Burns & Grove, 2007). Watsons theory reflects philosophical beliefs of caring. Nursing ethics took its origins from the philosophy. Psychology as the study of mind and behavior was used by the nursing theorists. For exam ple, Roy and Roberts (1981) created the theory of modification model by deriving it from the psychophysics theory of Helson (1964) (Walker & Avant, 2011). Florence Nightingale ushered in a new era in nursing.Prior to her, there was no science behind the methods of caring. Nurses were associated with alcoholism, prostitution, and the waste of society. The mid-19th century saw the beginning of nursing schools. Florence Nightingale was credited with writing the first nursing theory, but since the 1950s nursing theories have proliferated. Nursing science and knowledge has flourished ushering in a new era in nursing, changing the status of nursing from a career to a profession. References Anderson, N. E. (1981). The Historical Development of American Nursing Education. Journal of Nursing Education, 20(1), 18 36.Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding nursing research Building an evidence-based practice (4th ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri Saunders. George, J. B. (2011). Nursing theor ies The base for professional nursing practice (6th ed. ). Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc. Walker, K. & Holmes, C. A. (2008). The order of things Tracing a history of the present through a re-reading of the past in nursing education. Contemporary Nurse, 30, 106 118. Walker, L. O. & Avant, K. C. (2011). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson/Prentice Hall.